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John DeeJohn Dee (1527-1609) and Edward Kelley developed a language, supposedly dictated by angels during their scrying sessions. Named after Enoch, the Biblical figure who 'walked with God', the Enochian system is said to be the tongue of the angels, and capable of controlling them. It has become the basis of many occult rituals and activities. Below is Dees' Seal the Sigilum Aemeth (The Seal of God; TRUTH) For many years Dee attempted to contac...

Chain mail armor is a significant if somewhat underappreciated, form of protection in historical warfare. It was a treasured and expensive possession passed down through generations, which not everybody could afford. Let's learn more about them...History of chain mailWhen we think of Roman armor, we immediately think lorica segmentata. But, the lorica hamata, their version of the chainmail, came before the segmentata and outlived the more celebra...

Medieval shields came in all shapes and sizes.The kite shield, popular around the 10th century, was designed to protect the foreleg. As armor improved, the kite shield was adapted to the shorter and wider heater shield. The late medieval period saw the surge in popularity of the round buckler, which was small and preferred by the foot soldier. The Scottish targe was, one could say, the bigger version of the buckler. Then there was the pavise, a m...